Speaking is not simply producing grammatically correct sentences. Effective communication requires students to combine vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, fluency and interaction in real time.

Students also need to learn how to maintain a conversation: asking questions, responding naturally, developing answers, expressing opinions, agreeing and disagreeing, clarifying ideas and reacting to other speakers.

The teacher’s role is therefore to create structured opportunities for students to use the English they know, while gradually reducing support and increasing independence.